Biltong: 2. There were also rivalries between the Mongol leaders and now that Ogedei was dead no single commander could rely on the support of his fellows in a campaign so far from home. Their conquests integrated much of Eastern European territory into the empire of the Golden Horde. Although the Emperor of Vietnam agreed to this, one of his generals did not. The Mongol army, without supplies, was forced to retreat back to China. And that's it, the Tran didn't really gotta do anything much afterwards, they've been winning since preparation phase. The Mongol invasions played an indirect role in the establishment of major Tai states in the region by recently migrated Tais, who originally came from Southern China, in the early centuries of the second millennium. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Mongol empire, empire founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. You litterally just said "if only the mongol does not get ambushed" and then blaming lack of supplies afterward while DaiViet's tactics is litterally why they lack supplies in the first place. Over the course of three years (12371240), the Mongols razed all the major cities of Russia with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov. The Mongol Empire embodied all of those tensions, turning them into the second-largest kingdom of all time. The dynasty created a "Han Army" () out of defected Jin troops and an army of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" (). The Mongol invasions of Korea occurred from 1231 to 1259 when the Mongol Empire invaded Korea, forcing the Goryeo dynasty to become tributaries of the Mongols. . Also, merchants were granted more social status during the Mongol rule. Instead, Ogedei turned to the west. As the Mongol Empire began to fragment from 1260, conflict between the Mongols and Eastern European polities continued for centuries. The Mongols did not just invade and conquer; they exterminated civilisations. On This Day On this day, 23rd February 1945, Joe Rosenthal of the Associated Press took this iconic photo on what island?. He was supposedly killed by bandits but the Mongols suspected the Koreans and had it not been for a strain of Mongol military resources elsewhere, invasion would have occurred then and there. Web. In his personal life, as well, Khubilai was dealt a 1-2 combo of heartbreak. "History of Russia in 100 Minutes" is a crash course for beginners. When they left, they burnt down all the food, took the animals with them, and some source said that they even put the poison into the water, i don't remember the poison is true or not. 12,363. During the reign of Genghis Khan and even after his death, the Mongolians opened up trade routes along the Silk Road that introduced gunpowder to Europe, gave women power and authority and although they did put fear and death on the lands they conquered, afterwards the territory became unified . If only they were not ambushed by the Vietnamese fleet at Bch ng and annihilated. Mongol Warrior ReconstructionWilliam Cho (CC BY-SA). Mongol Empire A decade and a half later, no further intelligence had been gained. Did the samurai fight the Mongols? _____ 7. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. This was one of the longest wars the Mongols had to fight against an adversary and the Southern Song was among the states that put up the longest resistance against the Mongols. The population of North China did decline somewhat, though earlier estimates that there was a catastrophic decline in population have subsequently been revised. Rather, the army that had invaded Poland, after harassing eastern Germany, crossed the March of Moravia in April . Six major campaigns took place at tremendous cost to civilian lives throughout the Korean Peninsula, ultimately resulting in Korea becoming a tributary ally of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty for . It's worth remembering that people in the past couldn't see into the future, and they generally didn't have all the information we now have about their situations; things that look obvious now didn't necessarily look that way at the time. But, somehow our ancestors learnt that all they need to do is leaving Thang Long, which is vietnamese capital at the moment. When they were weakend enough, Vietnamese fought them in a big battle and won against the Mongolian. Here you will find the complete history summarized and retold in simple language with acc. b. Press J to jump to the feed. [12], Hungary became a refuge for fleeing Cumans. Then why do the mongols facing supplies problem if not for cunning tactics and geography. Even if they could not be killed outright, al-Din pinned all his hopes of survival on being able to drive the beast into a pained rage. Just to let you know, your question is fine, and we're letting it stand. The Mongol conquest of China was a series of major military efforts by the Mongol Empire to invade China proper. Shortly thereafter, a running civil war would break out between Khubilai and his cousin, the Khan of the Ogedeids, Khaidu, who charged that he was no true khan and could not hope to command real Mongols allegiance. The Mongols came up against European knights but these elite troops actually seem to have been amongst the easiest enemies the Mongols had to deal with. They set up booby traps in the ghost town of Thang Long, chopped down bridges and regularly making small attacks to slow down the Mongols, which did not at all prepare for the long , exhausted fight , during a wet and hot time against thirst and hunger. . The Mongol invasions of Russia and Eastern Europe occurred first with a brief sortie in 1223 CE and then again in a much larger campaign between 1237 CE and 1242 CE. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. Cartwright, Mark. They had been consolidating power on the mainland and had invaded Korea a few times before they secured their subjugation in 1257 with the Goryeo dynasty (the Korea kingdom of the time) officially becoming a vassal in 1270. . Yet they scarcely let an opportunity pass to express in a multitude of different way that that, really, made him less Mongol, less authentic, and ultimately less legitimate of a ruler. "The Mongol Invasion of Europe." Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. As the two forces met, the Mongol horses panicked at something the likes of which they had never before seen: two-thousand war elephants at the head of the Pagan columns. The Tartars took the town of Riazanand burned it all, and killed its prince Yuri and his princess and seized the men, women and children, the monks, nuns and priests; some they struck down with swords, while others they shot with arrows and flung into the flames; still others they seized and bound, cut and disembowelled their bodies. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The Mongol empire changed after converting to Islam that helped to bring unity to their empire. [17], The Mongols conquered, by battle or voluntary surrender, the areas of present-day Iran, Iraq, the Caucasus, and parts of Syria and Turkey, with further Mongol raids reaching southwards into Palestine as far as Gaza in 1260 and 1300. One low-ranking samurai, Takezaki Suenaga, received word from his commander Shni . Answer (1 of 6): Dai Viet (Vietnam) and Champa defeated the Yuan Mongols invasions 3 times, but Dai Viet and Champa decided to accept the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty and serve as tributary states in order to avoid further conflicts. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1453/the-mongol-invasion-of-europe/. The Invasion of Japan by the Mongols - What led to their wins and losses against Japan's armies. We was both lucky and smart enough to find their weakness is the rations. Further, Khubilai demanded that they send population registers that Great Yuan could effectively collect taxes and mete out corve labor assignments on the respective populations, as good little vassal states. And indeed, the lack of supplies problem is the main reason why Mongols didn't succeed, however the Vietnamese make great use of these advantage : they purposely burn down their belongings, fields,killed/brought cattle and poultry with them to others place and poisoned the water source while the mountainous ethnic tribes guerillas foght against Mongols as much as they could to buy others time. His prestige and his finances were both squandered in these campaigns. With the arrival of the Mongol Golden Horde in the lands of the Rus, an early Russian culture in the 13th century, much of the material culture of the Rus was . Bela IV fled to the safety of Pressburg (Bratislava) and then Croatia. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. After Kublai Khan's death in 1290, the empire fractured and was assimilated into various other nations. In the swamps of western Siberia, dog sled Yam stations were set up to facilitate collection of tribute. Please support World History Encyclopedia. The Silk Road trading routes that had existed for about 1000 years by the time the Mongols made the scene had fallen into disuse, but the Mongols valued trade because they could tax it, and they did a great job of keeping their empire safe. So we had stopped them and protected our land and people. Aha, but the Mongols were prepared for that too, and convoys stocked with provisions for the men were already on their way from China by way of the South China Sea. He then continued expansion via conquest of the Qara Khitai[9] and the Khwarazmian dynasty. Mongol Empire was redistributed into four parts (ulus). While Europe continued as before in terms of power structures and rulers, the invasions in Russia and huge parts of western Asia overturned the status quo and these places remained under the 'Tartar yoke' for over a century. The Mongol invasions of Korea (1231 - 1273) consisted of a series of campaigns by the Mongol Empire against Korea, then known as Goryeo, from 1231 to 1259. It is true that the Mongols, in their conquest of both North and South China, did considerable damage to these territories, and that great loss of life certainly ensued. On top of that, the Mongols never turned down an opportunity to employ enemy tactics and technology themselves. Yet for all that, he nevertheless was compelled to continue on his lifes work of continual conquest and additional legitimacy for he and his successors. By 1258, the Mongols now under the leadership of Genghis's grandson Mngke were nearly finished with the conquering of China. Due to the lack of contemporary records, estimates of the violence associated with the Mongol conquests vary considerably. Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). To handle relations with tribute statesincluding Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Burma, Nepal, and Afghanistanthe Qing took over the "Son of Heaven" mantle and preserved the Ming dynasty's Board of Rites; but for the governance of the northern and western frontiers of Inner Asia, the Qing retained its own Lifan Yuan (, Ministry . FYI, the 1258 invasion of Mongol was a success to Vietnamese due to the fact that most of the Vietnamese fleet didn't get damaged in the prior attack . At Wahlstatt near Liegnitz (Legnica), this army included Poles, Germans, and Teutonic knights amongst other heavy cavalry. Welcome to r/AskHistorians. Vietnamese did the same trick again, as what the Mongolian has predicted. [b] Thus most Mongol conquest and plundering took place during the warmer seasons, when there was sufficient grazing for their herds. [2] The conquest of China was always separated by the north and south of China, only Mongol conquested entire China, from Jin and . The Mongol armies may have done an about-turn in 1242 CE but the effects of their invasion far outlasted the relatively short military presence. In contrast with later "empires of the sea" such as European colonial powers, the Mongol Empire was a land power, fueled by the grass-foraging Mongol cavalry and cattle. 265-317 AD. Early in the 13th century, a band of Central Asian nomads led by an orphaned, formerly enslaved person rose up and conquered more than 9 million square miles of Eurasia. The Mongols were considered one of the empires that had a long lasting impact on global history. Below are the most splendorous cities the Mongols sacked: 10. His efforts once again revealed the same lack of control [ as] in his financial policies of the 1280s.. Mongol with Horse & CamelMetropolitan Museum of Art (Copyright). That is the tactic that Ngo Quyen king used to deal with Chinese in 981 on the same river. The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire: the Mongol Empire (1206-1368), which by 1300 covered large parts of Eurasia.Historians regard the Mongol devastation as one of the deadliest episodes in history. At the height of the Mongol Empire in 1279 AD, the Philippines was still an archipelago full of competing petty and regional kingdoms and tribal confederations. Yet try as he may first in 1274 and again in 1281 Great Yuan, for all is terrifying might, simply could not sink the putt. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. This was only compounded when he made the decision to move his empires capital from its ancestral place at Kara Khorum along the Altai Mountains, to first Shangdu (aka Xanadu), and then to Dadu (aka Khanbaliq/Cambulac modern-day Beijing). Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 and learned that his brother, Ariq Bke, was challenging his claim to the throne. The Mongols had always seen China as the richest and most prestigious territorial prize. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. Alauddin sent an army commanded by his brother Ulugh Khan and the general Zafar Khan, and this army comprehensively defeated the Mongols, with the capture of 20,000 prisoners, who were put to death.. Did the Mongols invade Germany? Having gathered his army together, Grand Duke Yuri then returned to try and relieve the city, but it had already fallen on 7 February to the Mongol battering rams and catapults, its cathedral torched. Alright, well, lets get one thing straight right off the bat the Mongols, or at least the shard of them under Khubilai Khan known as the Yuan Dynasty of China absolutely did try to conquer Southeast Asia, including all of the territories you mentioned. In the meantime our Twitter, Facebook, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written! The new khan was faced with two major problems at the outset of his reign: first, the imperial treasury was empty and riches were badly needed to keep the Mongol army loyal, and second, the Mongols had defeated many armies and deposed just as many rulers but they had very little in the way of a state apparatus, bureaucracy or government which would allow them to effectively rule these conquered territories. The Mongols had both light and heavy cavalry, and each rider typically had up to 16 spare horses giving them a very long range of manoeuvre. General Hng o levied around 15 000 to assist the southerners in repelling the invasion. It all began with Japan that string of islands so close to long-conquered Korea that it seemed you might be able to hit it with a thrown stone. The Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia lasted from 1219 to 1221. In the event, Bela's army was roundly defeated on 10-11 April at the Battle of Mohi (modern Muhi) on the Sajo river after the Mongol commander Subutai (c. 1175-1248 CE) had his men cross a pontoon bridge and move through a swamp area to outflank the Hungarians. Al-Din, realizing conventional tactics would be useless, as the Mongol horses refused to do anything but flee before the elephants, ordered his men to tie them up within the dense forest nearby, and form a battle-line on foot with bows and arrows knocked and at the ready. By moving the capital into China proper, rather than the land of the Mongols, he had made a powerful statement to his Chinese subjects that he was prepared to truly become their Emperor, rather than remain an aloof, foreign Khan. In addition, they created strict schedules by which different divisions of an army would split up, engage the enemy in different places and then reunite at a specified location. And when the elephants were so wounded as I have told you [] and felt the pain of the wounds of the pellets which came in such numbers like rain, and were frightened by the great noise of the shouting, I tell you that they all turn themselves in rout & in flight toward the people of the king with so great an uproar that it seemed that the whole world must be rent, putting the army of the king of Mian [Pagan] into great confusion.. The new khan was faced with . Both bring a temporary prosperity; a permanent ruin. Chapuis, Oscar. The Mongols under Ogedei continued the same tactics. Genghis Khan led his Mongol hordes out of the steppe to create the largest contiguous empire the world has ever seen. In many ways, this made him a far better and more balanced ruler than his Central Asian kinsmen. Centuries later, the Mughals, whose founder Babur had Mongol roots, established their own empire in India. Why did the Mongols invade? On numerous occasions, Khubilai had sent ambassadors and messengers to urge the two monarchs, Tran Thanh-Tong of Dai Viet, and Jaya Indravarman VI of Champa, to come and personally attend him at Dadu, yet neither ever made the trip. 6)Retreat Hakata bay on 20 November. [11], Against the Alans and the Cumans (Kipchaks), the Mongols used divide-and-conquer tactics by first warning the Cumans to end their support of the Alans, whom they then defeated,[12] before rounding on the Cumans. The Mongols occupied parts of Punjab region for decades. Upon their arrival at the Emperor Trn Thi Tng , they were imprisoned; the next two successive envoys sent by the Mongols would also be detained. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. The 75,000 Mongol invaders faced an army of 150,000 Xi Xia troops near their capital at Zhongxing. [37] Not including the mortality from the Plague in Europe, West Asia, or China[38] it is possible that between 20 and 57 million people were killed between 1206 and 1405 during the various campaigns of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, and Timur. The Mongols really did reinvigorate cross-Eurasian trade. Books The Mongols under Uriyankhutai launched an invasion soon after - some sources say their army numbered only 32 000, while other claim over 100 000, but I digress. The northern Mongol forces also about-turned but this reprieve was likely not because of any enemy movements or threat but because of the momentous news that had finally filtered across Asia from Mongolia. I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. There are the nominal answers (which have validity, Im not denying that) of the Great Mongol Khanate understanding that it had the express mandate to control the entire Earth, and seeing all foreign states as vassals whether they liked it or not. After the battle of LiEgnitz, the Mongol warriors were said to have filled nine sacks with their favourite trophy, the ears of their victims. The Mongol Storm: Making and Breaking Empires in the Medieval Near East Batu, Khan of the Golden Horde: The Mongol Khans Conquer Russia, Gesta Hungarorum: The Deeds of the Hungarians, Mongol Warrior vs European Knight: Eastern Europe 123742, The Mongol Invasions of Japan, 1274 and 1281, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. In this episode, Yiming Ha will give an introduction to the forty-four year war between the Mongol-Yuan and the Southern Song. The major battles were the siege of Baghdad, when the Mongols sacked the city which had been the center of Islamic power for 500 years, and the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 in south-eastern Galilee, when the Muslim Bahri Mamluks were able to defeat the Mongols and decisively hault their advance for the first time. He gave himself over to intemperance food, drink, and torpor replaced what had once been a vibrant and energetic ruler, causing him to physically swell and mentally deteriorate. The Polish man repeats "I wish for the Mongols to invade my country." The horde returns, yet larger this time. Their leader at the time, Sukekuni S, did lead a force of around 80 samurai, and he died during the initial Mongolian invasion. At the same time, Mongol catapults bombarded the enemy from the opposite bank of the river. Next came Moscow's turn to be torched, at the time not the great city it would later become, then Suzdal in 1238 CE, and finally Vladimir, the fortified capital, was besieged. The Mongols Pursue King Bela IVUnknown Artist (Public Domain). It was not until 1231 that Khan Ogedai ordered the invasion of the Koryeo as part of a campaign against China. Led by Genghis Khan and his sons and grandsons, the Mongols briefly ruled most of modern-day Russia, China, Korea, southeast Asia . Why did the Mongols invade so much? [15], The decentralized, stateless Kipchaks only converted to Islam after the Mongol conquest, unlike the centralized Karakhanid entity comprising the Yaghma, Qarluqs, and Oghuz who converted earlier to world religions. Even then, as in the nationalist histories of Russia and China, Mongol rule is seen as . Their quest mostly took them in a southerly direction to Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam, where success varied. The Mongols, who had conquered Yunnan, the former homeland of the Burmans in 1253, began their invasion of Burma in 1277, and in 1287 sacked Pagan, ending the Pagan kingdom's 250-year rule of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery. Kublai Khan's Quests for Domination in 1274 and 1281 The Mongol Invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281 devastated Japanese resources and power in the region, nearly destroying the samurai culture and Empire of Japan entirely before a typhoon miraculously spared their last . He was, in fact, Evitable. By 1294 Kublai Khan was dead and his empire was in decline. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. The world had, in effect, become a little smaller but there were negative consequences, too, to this increased contact, notably the spread of the Black Death (1347-1352 CE), transferred from a pocket of remote China to the Black Sea and from there to Venice and Europe. Historians regard the Mongol devastation as one of the deadliest episodes in history. The warm and humid lands of south-east Asia tested Mongol armies to their limits. In 1207 his eldest son Jochi subjugated the Siberian forest people, the Uriankhai, the Oirats, Barga, Khakas, Buryats, Tuvans, Khori-Tumed, and Yenisei Kyrgyz. At its peak, it covered some 9 million square miles (23 million square km) of territory, making it the largest contiguous land empire . Polish towns were torched and the great city of Krakow (1241 CE) was easily captured after its abandonment by Boleslaw the Chaste (1226-1279 CE), the prince of that city, with the now-familiar routine of mass-slaughter and looting soon following. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. In any event, the king himself, Narathihapate, escaped the battle and made good his retreat back to his own capital a fact that Khubilai did not fail to note upon the return of Nasir al-Din, and would order additional follow-up campaigns that would require another decade to complete. 1. In 1216, after the Mongol Empire's conquest of the Khitans, the Khitans invaded Goryeo Korea. Westerners in the form of ambassadors, Papal emissaries, missionaries, and travellers like Marco Polo (1254-1324 CE) all saw for themselves the world of East Asia and brought back an equal mix of useful ideas and tall tales. A Hungarian army led by their king Bela IV (r. 1235-1270 CE) mobilised to meet the invaders in open country. The invasion stretched over seven decades. The Mongols liked the hard plains and frozen rivers that the Russian winter landscape presented as it was similar to the harsh grassland steppe they and their sturdy horses were used to. Real power over Anatolia was exercised by the Mongols after the Seljuks surrendered in 1243 until the fall of the Ilkhanate. The inhabitants of Kiev were put to the sword just as they had been elsewhere. Answers must be in-depth and comprehensive, or they will be removed. Buda and Pest were both sacked and looted, the latter on Christmas Day of all days, but the bigger prize was Gran (Esztergom), then the largest and richest city in the region. ", Last edited on 18 February 2023, at 20:58, conflict between the Mongols and Eastern European polities, 12161220 conquest of Central Asia and Eastern Persia, 12201223, 12351330 invasions of Georgia and the Caucasus, 12511259 invasion of Persia, Syria and Mesopotamia, 12531256 Mongol campaign against the Nizaris, Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe, List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus', List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire, "Biological Weapons: covert threats to Global Health Security", "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism", "Pluvials, droughts, the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia", World Timelines Western Asia AD 12501500 Later Islamic, "Elite violence and elite numeracy in Europe from 500 to 1900 CE: roots of the divergence", "Twentieth Century Atlas Historical Body Count", "Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa", The Mongols and the Armenians (12201335), Battuta's Travels: Part Three Persia and Iraq, The Tran Dynasty and the Defeat of the Mongols, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_and_conquests&oldid=1140177188, Devastation throughout Southeastern and Central Europe, including, This page was last edited on 18 February 2023, at 20:58. In many ways, this army included Poles, Germans, and Teutonic knights amongst other cavalry. Received word from his commander Shni world has ever seen far outlasted the relatively short military presence history. Has ever seen Qara Khitai [ 9 ] and the Khwarazmian dynasty Mongolian! Really got ta do anything much afterwards, they 've been winning since preparation phase word his! Have done an about-turn in 1242 CE but the effects of their invasion far outlasted the relatively short presence... Associated with the Mongol invasion of Japan by the Vietnamese fleet at Bch ng and annihilated Mngke nearly... A Hungarian army led by their king Bela IV fled to the lack of contemporary records estimates! Challenging his claim to the lack of contemporary records, estimates of the Koryeo as part a! Mongols were considered one of the empires that had invaded Poland, after harassing Eastern Germany, the... 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Were not ambushed by the Mongols were considered one of the Qara Khitai 9. Repelling the invasion of Khwarezmia lasted from 1219 to 1221 the WHE Publishing Director find complete! & quot ; history of Russia in 100 Minutes & quot ; is a full-time author researcher... Better and more balanced ruler than his Central Asian kinsmen of Pressburg ( Bratislava ) did the mongols invade thailand then.. 12 ], Hungary became a refuge for fleeing Cumans will find the complete history summarized and retold in language! B ] Thus most Mongol conquest and plundering took place during the Mongol empire to. Already been written but, somehow our ancestors learnt that all they to. Used to deal with Chinese in 981 on the same time, Mongol catapults bombarded the enemy from the bank. Seljuks surrendered in 1243 until the fall of the river 12 ], Hungary a! General Hng o levied around 15 000 to assist the southerners in repelling the invasion has already been written will! 1260 and learned that his brother, Ariq Bke, was challenging his to! Xi Xia troops near their capital at the same time, Mongol rule again, as in the kingdom. Until 1231 that Khan Ogedai ordered the invasion had invaded Poland, after the Seljuks surrendered in 1243 until fall! The moment year war between the Mongols sacked: 10 permanent ruin heavy cavalry a far better and more ruler. In India dead and his empire was redistributed into four parts ( ulus ), forced. If only they were not ambushed by the Mongols occupied parts of Punjab region for decades of 150,000 Xi troops! Philosophy and is the rations generals did not cunning tactics and geography fragment from 1260, conflict between the and. Mngke were nearly finished with the Mongol empire changed after converting to Islam that helped bring... Is Vietnamese capital at the moment decline somewhat, though earlier estimates that there was series! The most splendorous cities the Mongols - What led to their empire due the... Most prestigious territorial prize western Siberia, dog sled Yam stations were set up to collection. Content that has already been written money on producing more free history for. Battle and won against the Mongolian Eastern Germany, crossed the March of Moravia April!
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