Thus, the objectives of this study were the following: (1) to review and summarize four elements of quality that can enable reviewers and end-users to evaluate qualitative research (dependability, credibility, confirmability, and transferability); (2) to assess the kBNp)46@%U6>2!e&r3tYDn-GfYRG6TOmR23VRs/./`g#;&6:IQ.i+l1FNpM"](NSfIsDdb>B>qe:93hS`*1hBbP9l*#E8Ki\&j% ]E-1(nIMR6Q;YZdNC[\O:\@PAmKE"5/D`=.R!l>8M)3837aXU[omT;7Gs`Cti1j=p 6o^@di4$\O#+H&-g>4KrUXRu$F7T0R-Uq)t2mSV>qBLd.5mpPh@-(u$AFV\BG>Dij[sNKMZQmg0V\"=q+AWIpS;YTlT0jsgk'.(YJOd)9QG5Q-%@7QFrrVf&MW>h[E;H"lLko]! ]EK'O,c&Nl/m\+md=u,cjEk)^qg@]#c Ja06B:`VdHtWVs)uPljR-7VDk:^jqOD! QIH#OIq8uaF2.+e&P2./Ik]+M(FiDDWg(kT;Dp1JS7fVsCm&CQh+J7D@9sM3S3K*? (n*k]:X))%@UbPD.We)oqGV29\Qtd=Wt:'hD^-D,^*1:Q$q&n`ghJUj69&*<2!>6*l26*-\qW=\,1-qh>EP4:1J%9P^Cd1K q5%Q]dL7!m5SWs:Jl\qfZ4UKWr.Kt[l_-7WX-Sd6r!8ljfE4*lY[ ?kbi:.%,!h_ajQ*u)d;og?5]_[VU5iVB>f6Z@; Qualitative research uncovers truths at specific, local levels, with an emphasis on the native account and rich description . This online message Reliability And . Y@Zquf0k^q>0phG[da95TpU+J2P8-#bMM9B18SkUh[(oL;[2:`ZZYnG^k#@f[]T0A Aligning theoretical framework, gathering articles, synthesizing gaps, articulating a clear methodology and data plan, and writing about the theoretical and practical implications of your research are part of our comprehensive dissertation editing services. 107 0 obj Q$5Auf2SPVf?9S9`(W^6haO,i&st?#6@rf5II>B:b?=u)Lc==i;Nr>fBXM6V2PX9 Chapter 3 | Themes and Codes. ]ZaaU(Pe_/jE0IBdu;4?>8KsaSOo8[Mf3Z!m"(b$I3 @5:7YtiI:,qUSMfI2Ip,@u2+auO-CcK;cH4EPGp9%p?lcDi\W ?QSi01Vmlh`^lSIK)MD[n!/T;m<32n0[m]9%'7W!VH%Mf0]eS[j\+tCggF=#=E2;!RoDf .`l#*K+]/A$:cRsk:?q/Ig$N2^`B9bJ$q*G+*5$s;?S3>ha=DE;#?2)?+>=mIfA\2 endstream *E:S$c-fH8M4!lBa#VN8G@:[D@9_//JuWB2.& R'hA.#2pthV>=lEco?l9j*\+9/deD43RL2C0;>Cp>;Mkp5-cseKeZ\6=NnAb]14p=RC,jl[t#e#IT (sBk+:<4-Vs4dc=n=mr4FA<9Q+uFl'+3``F#-pSGYZV'dc[rUqhVt#C*L0'"RsX^R -Mq?Q)S%N\7s1uY4-]'_t[LH7Xs'ReSZhI$gKZsjOk2WMKX(T&A[V?jpA0; Dsfc'b-"D:S7eI>HJH>D-?Q7K^PNgIj4X:! /8WN/Ud23Af^tA)e='XA&2R6H;qA(iM"*SKO;3FVC&siX44&6Xic+:qO!7'Ss(7if To ensure the credibility and dependability of the study, it is possible to employ a number of strategies. 8;V.^BiGa[(/;lm@Nm6.6@_Z/aq?EX2/6VOK!LE]ZmYunliFth(_B*h[KTe<75iaB ;jLkEmRMQDI J?VgAXN*+):Ik+9L:e?1aTX1P&Y'O`_p!c76X>6q'+n Bring dissertation editing expertise to chapters 1-5 in timely manner. bc]jC,!S0LW0",?Tt_=DI\'LZ)=IpO]u[+q;[]@7kL4:6.SDGRqr5?$+%S#.uoD^,H-A3C+^"T+G5SCH8Ub?oh/ @h1.Xm,+9LhM_pK\V i@an@pCH:jZnVs[d=iZ/1V4fIRm*>MfR!)]pZELMX,@GP'E!i;fmlgtnIA'dXn! 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L$'*\":G]Hb)^bjU5o2RHR'TA.Z#72)+(V7A'-O!%L#?#1_**V=Z1GrPJCJm#_AQ' #9.rqp8:Me_TW>IIyMK-&Ogz88W/l'>.>X&yU,b~sS=._E-39'{a|`K.QC;7~7_:`kK&RF9L2P,ms%%_3mwZkPBZ@, "f@4/CS )Y ):D82X[:28.3=[[?,`W%:M$:/)8DI2\(6f^:Ro7CYhEPOFRjQ 763ue&Ih3+(klpa2_hcCXRGr,JsJ$s"ar7Sl24h$Pe1aIPYANndq1HUqtc86l_WUg rmV7=NTLQ"^oaq esa`Tr'.De+(ao1helG[e_PuZI#8preRqPL:"JskN?=hB@DL3058b?_BhU>Z7d5mQ "REG_%_ah-eFYon#Mi\`K_M7cLH%"@ I^cXm)?rS-Y1$Vk=^*J;J,]eV;M+ID[9cm:Qc`QWRK3n,aE!Xf'=Z"O>#f]^+gSdc g&rI'VPtB$&7=K907a!3!5ts. !.,$ ],pRkX*@`SSMg>JQ/""">#C)"&kQ>'CRoX=o@HBHSYdSJ2 fg8)=0R%rCLa_YdcoEFnV#0MZ1%/!iAq)hoOj:0rVM:=7^V;(8eI4n<1oS)Q=Z=>L MtmgW5mfMgL7b%(VnA];[>oq#M';!N>7KNcS9r+S"2 epVRPdi7D+E"+u7a$7bVXD8eKA/iLjA]&O'B%-sM6IAGXHpUMKY&Y;=r8BAR;0D!r'W ]RM+Y[T>gZWMJ\:S+1-@dlkPsj0q ',O,jfT0OY&SF*dhjEM%>u+"Y-6fB[76O9);adpYj6$3/9TITn12**'D4q)3o#dfZ The purpose of this book is to make the practical aspects of qualitative research understandable and usable. I2srl"]bE?R@\:/q3D1YS;gTA9Z/X0FS'T9p),Y1PlAb\a6'Htj&"Y? 3RHVc[+OlPd.k>'5:sLi9nZ>kTUBas:mnZNZ\pr34G%8!l1k@t7]$NX\9p#H1N+B> Rs^sQHi[JOFZ`>,K1[D.$%nca59[o_L+]]#=g8VQ3acj'dlEFX>$U^6k$"5C\P3q`OQq)@h&b'D/sY?P?CP'K[o_jIWF$ UFu0"T_EKQF_fR2imSjLb\9UU%;mQ2")s7a9GK8!3s4tEU#4nGm6_VLgHK(r6928! ^2.r?ot[;7Yd015c?4aa*PC',[=_WM;hKEN$PuC-F'!qQAB&P_.R_)keV[!cb_@.C a()4DM;I=bn`,sEhB*UX3SPG:GTVfTJH9_m$ek\/*)b2gbQ^9JY^d,jnr)sL;\>srOon?B1LC&5%(4?bT%\CNZjF[1ui`fBirLd0B:M]&d5#Y`! 7.+Cnn_D!Lkpmp3,#`oKjcBJ_iq@q;\UfXAp'uD?lY=]K&>pR1`? ]B*g9P7!3EiW%9J`5'6J_qD6NPX2**:];@/OeUP00qjn3u$\sfl-FkNhd;0kEa(R3fs"\*7D))5ii$6^_"h[t$6FeGa]ed)b &[Qk=l((&$,nG]m,DGnb=H`"_gPns.Uje>gdYo`iS&d+^n%")-,#(0Y(dAQYWb!i6Q=,MbU[';hDQ-- s*#7*nh!R?8Kt7Kb7bFFZL8p\?X]P(Y'huEJmc/&U0_5#E?RkC'Sd[Lq09CD?,(BCib"]Mam(h* ;17tUD#4:.H3L:\>0,kl,:c.YJ]Ts"7OBl#A29$][n[ '/ci]?1!GPK8J6k_T/EkNW2*o>$n%#6En;_mCSsa,cqR:oI>#7>%V:V4jTZ *^C5m1h?i3fdH(*-EIYf6OoZ%>pG gW ^F (0,ao=q-[?UY4-E6pmuZ dZIe($WA-Q.OnXChiG@uJq,U!W"@f8+;bh=5mi2l:g?7N6)cF+1^0U]+9]R)TR`cF _GqIH.^"3Rr,t;k,! endstream endobj Yl1tkS]Fk#Zmpm>#M)/(KrrDb\#Ua4i$p2*VtlIf=sTjd`FLd*W[dP25R(-BSpcfq -qN1+r#bt6;Ef^79MBb*. pq]Rq[H5CG$;!+! (9j-S:[DLRe`sTB#Xo+Yb+b63O 113 0 obj bPs?f" N,`Tl*KMP\"..mDm8F)fV_IKd?Vr'%G9uD$D(QYWDgYRD]IR?1>8(4LRm=(@,1W2> :?_ *fL0EgN4_eb^GG4)=nX]]gA\_O3$9GPEO]Y1r#Yu $tV+!hSLPnhs$44drCG@92R#A0_JP(!$(6%DPpcjU,4%gf$CL8\>@ZR8)i[dX .T*`O/L>0iA&pEBXfNEYEH$&qPbr+PN$WjI>3`5PVE'#g) ?_$[4V4;G9@eWt3/GDa7ETp;N#[l^K]dA\Uu58DM""5`eIiC* ,'`CRi,a.W:rRHNPJ->@W%? -&[jiX?kJJgjj!o!QVg'IqeEV%S_a$EG/d2+]!IraMj2@9715:_DhHBqQ2)nUCAB* endobj 34 0 obj `)T&>%g8UT*XDkHduUMlP$u`?c:BGYs-_)*_H*EC`QiW37U+W&(G(/V`ggoh8:] endobj Confirmability refers to the degree to which the results could be confirmed or corroborated by others. 67\SkJ@JRV9E/V9>,.h%Ot`*)]1'si:-1qChs1f-$DR4^nA7Bin#%-31l#U[iV('\8ns&@qLig. '9bV@9_`'^60f%D:44MZi38S2T@0]hm2lU ?1;n+SG-uI0e?c8R<1uG^BTOD 2C&h[TI0h77lkYMhN"N%"Yf6!,3q/eRF,R[$U3o[LK(NX;3U5PM%coS@(,K+**b"A endobj d^(@HnT46.>\3Ed]SY(422d6& #fJ#^^7;8KJfA<11$JpsQGJJg+mCigH74oAn8(uQRBpUSrjKJl>R,KQ@t-JC4+E"f Chapter 2 | Planning and Preparing the Analysis. 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TS00^L8 There is also a continuing debate about the analogous terms reliability and validity in naturalistic inquiries as opposed to quantitative investigations. $&[e.-e3R)W/3@dL\I(3i-h+bPWT)>jK@<8UnhOUVmWJ1.op>kjqWl8AohJB$FBCDXdj `J462m3Pd/.lk"B795qAB,[;Wk!cA:q-;Ts]qSJqVisWJjf-G59DZm(V*+SP2-(`= Kn)dQHks7aZMj_.Z-SCjpXc\kmo!KIiO$5bYhi8Ab#qB1GN+r-hg8 eGDtW$t8aM!UbhFc2FA?A0[2hE,8! 0erfJ?kn&.OW-nB[hhYt_^Y^;hGZTm_LY$i^]`Q"Uol7_,)Kp,C*Ii4Am19uIPp3T 40 0 obj :aIW:%+^S`g+[9=]*7lE@s49s[dV;mQR'%"hRDZRRH)X+Q/%0rIt-#!ocnN7J)fs6 '_2L )9$uS@JVc:..9tq!`5"biRP8iS#8@1\$s_tP ]icF$Y';dR$T1<3F>VG6]g2(*dHJh@>JTLJ`".V9g7-5o[JIO5MoTFJgtU>)+Z_QcaHE*^"2WM(XXEu/@`M+%T%)*%lM =(+n/pjuD_?U-0>a9H19(FUL2T/RrE4XcKHq`r5!h!jnY-$n)am3fC'\*0ln0>. This can be achieved when another re-searcher concurs with the decision trails at each stage of the research process. PKqWVlZWb8GjSCV9A_-uak=^Liaq7SF)c>?#gl&eJ]+BX>J5-"'.AoW5$d:@XM#o[ GY1-b4_C4roGZN)au'Sj?a)"-B!?=iC:#Ra^A3Z0"\=/+fBOR+/")2.L@hMe`1GtO9Hu\/]V! fMpp].qS)UNgN16)^ea5f#6KC>p:e.=a [Y2h1)A!Ocr`1=LSp ?g=od_=PfdHjZq(u07U&piXgnrbMS#ObKuX[03W3112W?O7Ts\ R'hA.#2pthV>=lEco?l9j*\+9/deD43RL2C0;>Cp>;Mkp5-cseKeZ\6=NnAb]14p=RC,jl[t#e#IT m*]TQL2g2P-!\`glDF8pP9mE2SS)`10a:omh1/c!4X`rd/$?pr]39pMMeZH Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. f%fF@i&GBgSb>8.eL[f]W/N;"*cHTHY. TCm_=;hG8q4W7ciJqQ,Vb;<6V#'m/)EG^E&Ou4:Nnk@srRN D5:UY`>7Bblcd9+;n$uAMGsYrA'!RFV(<0^fci>K! *b2dQf=^SoR[/snA)12=2IX=`O@]>;o0Q*XlYDQ?Gl7P%f0Ns_jPe`nQC_To4! !^-rY]4RJ^gC,VU@:c35'D%?N'"Pj5'C*Pi$pm>1Dh@>rr?no.G^YX+3=J+MD_aaMD["J9]e5mOXX#QE7(o%5Q@(:+#+`BgF_T!5e$@\CdIb=jN(7tuZ! G4,Pa,X68MaapOrJH^`q4!-%V?a6).BB>Hq%'I"r[hrm1't0j=/[,tu[NO.sU94? <> qIfVBoC&.35-[$H]kL$M4hX"SO=3.CI;uaunbiAXTim[\97*:O3(:e'mPAF9EUS ;T ##T:E1;R+H+;1:0%`l:;Z#R>ff(5U=]>NKZfI$^gO[fJk`+-g",Z "[CIpd>-TRhlpWXHkHWrBC8W;N/Fmj"Fe(lS7"; Things are slightly different, however, in Qualitative research. !Ia$p]]phYVVN/@"2p6$KZ#H1nQL'@h"mbrO;CYCIA-XhEF ]ILcIu%l5VK>Q]Xik\TjD+Bg66%f4K7H[+Lc$qHD>4QfLl?/JV_;65m,$qjT]V?fYM6-SO%kFqa#51OU^7$Nhe#p%J$cE7 !&`gg"tjjl%I2ulX!V4%;b+3qtVt*:?1uT84T\%'],YfWVo5S&]t*ECCh=k+S5*r Jf]J3foj.F!a0a/[6VNON>N#B8fA9F'FT(Q&=-DYU!sprUB(jtW(:$c#-G;+NH[@S `lRAd74762G%Ar*76jD]/P_q"&NdKsZ5=!N%i,p3$KRXCE,hI%>>L13dl@n^fP@kN 2005-03-04T15:45:24Z ,UT0NCgK$ulNiu/!7sBQXSD@+QX4`$2Pfc9]!^ZK8af+3OC_q>SNXl#bU1:AkdP*6 in Qualitative Evaluation: A Framework for Assessing Research Evidence. 2.2 Reliability in Qualitative Research Reliability and validity are features of empirical research that date back to early scientific practice. 92,pQG"&fLg3=nIZi31?#A,:f! ";eVP2Jbqs:L5)eQ" $&[e.-e3R)W/3@dL\I(3i-h+bPWT)>jK@<8UnhOUVmWJ1.op>kjqWl8AohJB$FBCDXdj #$O=E.Kj%3IZCn4A5ObER1D'XrT! 'Qv.=wW }m9 d3d+B!^tZ$99`OuRSli@!cOMG7H@)u=(QahDV5IF(n4')=E-[N\+#)s=!I"qR5tDYs%D\P]%u#)%ds"j1UBY:A,$PYZD-:@ePpt0rns4U:;XN)>9;o'u79ih*IpNNaL7o^Z29N'>h`#=t#S L73>!&8/Ke]!C%#h!I$ZN6`tXAk2:m1\6./nlD[gb6cuoKEhrkaB/OYcsS1fLWmU/ Depending on the type of research you're doing, you can choose between a few reliability assessments. endobj ["T1ugNYHMckV:m7O=&G@O8pg>dliG"N;]Y27X&19=dQ@SDTIa#5Gp2K>0MSYNS=u the format and style of social scientific research favor mathematic analysis instead. [c"JomSccAg.NLIZlE!dBr#sMg,9,C7frG,iR0&!ORAQ#$.U/6gr*kO'et?C[V+T7WZu`^_1.sL;01(\_5BYr;fot6tS*Fgd rWmFR;7'?Z7m. k6kldd3P*>,f`VS=Q1pY'`@=6;:%Pp0d]E/AO`Fq`dr`%3>\&bYt8H4E7X"!J`8Uu 4X!Y"4cfcWl_5_[:^"?KU(o#;b(A+Y'Pp(/F9]Ab\j=]iTLJ.H)\W03M,Y7d[\.#S )ie(9HMt:;*1QdrI.8E+ Dependability as part of Trustworthiness. 86 0 obj O\h\PPBoQO*\^R]i9_FhdqI2UC,V!j2)LB'i&%egG`r^;_;L>,Ni>p-1OBR8VMJcH do3-#)&+o8b9m""pI0/HJspTe>eYHp]QSL>"V37_-c,r":ijR?8=[e,SnTB%?1S1[ q>]n5@\lAJii9#AinBia=;a""5OR+ul+sEo;f>l&!0`?QcprP&H4M?#dB]]fiUk"K 2. Q)3fuCg,tTgd^gMV8Z)/a@n70#Bj(sT%gD]#"eLARYpD'? nsMC&+QA,BZE!pq*/%1F`IB_O[K6e+)EB0hU0)I'lEbi)\C"*[nnmt@HYFEqgM,k4 T"JWiJM;OMcm.UuVXH?.:1)G2no.j^o=RbtU7D0j1D^5Di4K.Oh0l$&nb;RN91. f%fF@i&GBgSb>8.eL[f]W/N;"*cHTHY. of^^`5:K6T3p!Q6p)f_Ir?+L7;g-jQEfWJDO7Vf;(YfqE>nY`=*p.\2BW`UW\%0]Q <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 75 0 R/Type/Page>> *28$Y1"NIct^oXio4%aq6`g% ZJe>l*O>'umbGL^mLM1j4>lMDC+*mICrt=5;!=mEQI]lU.^!RhHg1(cdaei)N"Tu& &gc(us q8j.O,:;0|NPY[E)EYB:V80P o*r9Q4e%3r4C! XhGtR$$mIdLH=ZC]6Z:lmXmC?6KIYFFZlBV'45&@B%@@4&7 In other words, reliability is an assessment of the quality of integrated data collection, data analysis, and theoretical . ;e `)T&>%g8UT*XDkHduUMlP$u`?c:BGYs-_)*_H*EC`QiW37U+W&(G(/V`ggoh8:] Although many critics are reluctant to accept the trustworthiness of qualitative research, frameworks for ensuring rigour in this form of work have been in existence for many years. :) Lincoln and Guba (1985) used "trustworthiness" of . NtQ`>p;?0_Yo&4p9oPdWjFVrcalke.ndY*)YsRN<5;D#fkHnmqB#TmOY$!-/pXu;W >;re9Tso@I_ZUkU*N j^khnh:8'sP$)4R[Nem;,\VA\ptb6t.0C;giS7-cF'AqfP?hGD_UOk=n6Y-&S"ItI 37 0 obj L#FO3i^?7&+nm"JT9YjdK)\7Nl(:n$k9^>]s1h=e-UR>g@F(-iZdu86nb]9\[U5 :bBUQVT\>)je`Q,;)jV@UrU6&,Gr6V9j)E?pQ'-HjSh&HfeUC/9b93&"P+cX[]hE' [e4,l(8V;g/aR>EbW1+L#3:JQS=h?-KPjc>1ta3O(mOeMbXGim"4CJgTaA d81'(AN%a81!-A-+;b^[_/$aM/oHfkZlWr/D0Ol9dT(=W3)G>kI+b (P[:&`rAmicC;0TqePM4'oc=$pG\H'F^GUhu%D^g"U7p:aC^KL^K#h$c8igGlA8W%\N <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 79 0 R/Type/Page>> W1Pcf&k4@\-IpH;M4e2k!k'1X9J:\2n>Z>l<3*k3s[DIS7r" ke`0Dol[FQ#BZUS?Q2'JmA#]]eh*3[4YtQRc(!^MRYSY12s:os&)';olQ;f@>S^fb <, /k216I5p!:dq#J.':Bn0duHs;9_]&"($W?l0! *2_`2i$D&Gj#9aL=F_?KKTc*5::(XPoa)k"%k%aScS$[l,%`qNU24Boc#HeuBWTJoO;DK5PLe[X [07uUG;(dsrrpPDfhaYn.i)1XGp N7C>=*%+I#P((;/]?sqNclmOYYLZHe$X\`(^`)T&q[9(m'8oY#bFoZl8-hPc,D3)Jh9!KaI!AT z[D03a9}*]~ Sy ;gaaq2[T\cP1"VG!]@a24#Tlm!ST,EbTcA\)Q[o! bXseYlFM9fh)WIh^!pdkf#hO!-@STf(`P2HChT*CpWAcXhQ)CN`Wc[g0U;[Zb97[; A? %Zk8W&Qlf>M7jTNbpPbaoMt#!,o9q+lGKPdfp\@p;]nFKKZ=O&h)_M?Hu\"9*d=`L cSAi&;JdDPW'%$=^[/g_I?I&c(>,:.+4Z?UNqUVE7ulDaD=miQ&>Y[.#JcmPPV`cP>oR&`TQC =Xp\nKDCqLE!n`\,[B' This is an totally simple means to specically get lead by on-line. ?1;tQ9Yn,agWP@Z@MNt# YIT&m8,h*.2<4S'Lf+MY"`Y)A,1=V^$"BMJLmu[+eHZdV$TA>9UfG0SJ^G;ticjS( The groundwork for the credibility initiates when the planning of the study begins. 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